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Know Everything about Aircraft Turbulence and enjoy that next Flight to Your Favourite Destination

Have you been in an airplane before? Even on your first flight you must have had a bumpy ride at some point on that flight, similar to a car on a rough road. Were you afraid? This experience can be traumatizing and terrifying for some people and may develop into a phobia for flying. If you are affected by this kind of fear you would feel better flying if you knew all the plain truth about this phenomenon and that is what this article is about to present to you.
This situation being described is referred to as aircraft turbulence. It is created by irregular and random air motion, whether as a result of different masses of air moving at different speeds and colliding with each other, or of the same air mass behaving in an irregular fashion (turbulent flow) as a result of certain factors. Turbulence can shake any aircraft no matter how big or the personality of the occupants - affecting the most powerful as much as the most lowly. It should be noted that aircraft turbulence occurs in cloudy atmosphere as much as it does in clear skies (atmosphere devoid of visible hydrometeors or water droplets). The latter case is often referred to as Clear Air Turbulence (CAT). 
It is important to know that there are several types (or degrees) of Aircraft Turbulence depending on how well developed the condition causing it is. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies turbulence into the following:
Slight Turbulence – Experienced as light, erratic changes in the altitude and/or attitude of the aircraft. Loose objects sway from side to side and occupants feel a slight strain against their seat belts.
Moderate Turbulence - In this case loose objects may roll from one side to the other as both aircraft and occupants experience rapid jolts or bumps with greater strain against their seat belts.
Severe Turbulence – Here, loose objects are tossed from one corner to another; it becomes increasingly difficult to put food, particularly drinks into the mouth without spilling. There are abrupt changes in the altitude and attitude as air speed changes rapidly. The aircraft may go temporarily out of control as occupants are forced violently against their seat belts and walking along the aisle is practically impossible. If inside a massive cloud system, you may occasionally hear violent winds slap the body of the aircraft. This is the point where some people may begin to pray for safety while others call on their gods.
Extreme Turbulence - This may cause structural damage to the aircraft as it is tossed about so violently that it becomes practically impossible to control. Although they sometimes occur, but by and large they are very rare and pilots with basic knowledge of where they do will normally avoid them. The favourable weather conditions for this type of turbulence are usually found in mature thunderstorm clouds and particularly during take-off and landing. Fortunately Doppler Radars are being installed in major airports around the globe to detect the predisposing conditions and alert pilots accordingly. Some aircrafts are also equipped to detect them. Nothing can withstand the awesome power of nature. Most times the Atmosphere’s reaction against man is a backlash of man’s action against it. When the atmosphere reacts violently, know how to defend your life by knowing why it acts the way it does. There’s always something new, refreshing, exhaustive and very authoritative about the weather and the atmosphere at cheap-bargain-mall.com/globalweather.html that you will need when the weather threatens to snuff life out of you as it has done to many. 
THE CAUSES OF TURBULENCE
Thermals: On sunny and hot days with calm winds, large bubbles of air similar to very large balloons but invisible to the eye rise and settle at certain points in the atmosphere where their temperature equals that of the surrounding air. High flying birds tend to settle on them when they spread their wings and appear motionless. The effect of these thermals on aircraft is usually slight turbulence.
Transition Zones between Land and Water Bodies (rivers, seas, or oceans): As aircrafts cross from land to water or vice versa, they also experience turbulence, usually slight turbulence. This is due mainly to the difference in the thermal properties of the two surfaces.
Mountains, Huge buildings and Obstacles: Winds blowing against large buildings and mountains create eddies (irregular air movement). Mountains create some of the most dangerous turbulence when the conditions are favourable. Winds blowing across mountain ranges take on a wave motion as the air flows upward over the mountains and then drops down the other side. This up and down motion can continue for more than 150km downwind and even extend far above them, often giving false values of air pressure in that vicinity. Aircrafts riding on these waves will definitely experience moderate to severe turbulence depending on its height relative to the mountain range.
Thunderstorms: The cloud system responsible for thunderstorms is cumulonimbus (CB) clouds. From aircraft window it appears like a mountain of a cloud. Thunderstorms constitute the worst enemy of aircrafts and of flying generally because of a myriad of problems they can cause. In this case, however, we are considering turbulence. The totality of activities within mature CB clouds constitutes thunderstorms. Because they form as a result of very vigorous atmospheric activity they also assume a very dynamic nature. For instance they can suck in air from the surrounding into the system (entrainment), or vertically from below the cloud base (updrafts), as well as discharge large bursts of wind downward (downdrafts or downbursts) all of which can create from slight turbulence when flying near them to moderate, severe or even extreme turbulence when flying through their core and depending on how well developed they are. Near the ground they create wind shear (see below) which MUST be avoided by aircrafts on approach to landing or take-off. Microbursts (short-lived, short-spaced downward air motion) are also a common phenomenon within thunderstorms. 
Wind Shear: This means a large change in wind speed and/or direction over a short distance. This can occur both in the horizontal or vertical directions. In considering horizontal flow, certain regions known as COL regions (between two Lows and two Highs) are typical wind shear zones and may create slight to moderate turbulence.
Jet Streams: At the ground level warmer air from lower latitudes move pole-ward and at some point a boundary is formed with colder air from the Polar Regions. This triggers some dynamical forces that create very strong currents (stream) of wind sometimes reaching or even exceeding 400km/h, high up above the ground. They usually move from the west to the east (westerlies).Winds progress in strength from the outer part until they reach a maximum at the middle or core. These wind changes over relatively short distances can cause slight to moderate turbulence for aircrafts.
Although turbulence is an annoying part of flying, it is often an unavoidable part of it as well. Do not let the fear of turbulence ground you, just remember that as long as you are buckled into your seat belt you are safe. Truth is, turbulence isn’t as dangerous as it might seem. On your next flight, after you’ve had some ride in it, tell yourself ‘thank GOD for yet another safe flight’.  

About the Author

Author is a chartered meteorologist with flare for internet marketing

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